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An array in PostgreSQL is a collection of elements with the same data type. It’s like a flexible container that can hold multiple values. Arrays can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional, allowing you to represent complex data structures within a single column.

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Declaration of Array Types

To create an array column in a table, use the following syntax: 
CREATE TABLE sal_emp (
    name            text,
    pay_by_quarter  integer[],
    schedule        text[][]
);
In this example:
  • name is a regular text column.
  • pay_by_quarter is a one-dimensional array of integers, representing an employee’s salary by quarter.
  • schedule is a two-dimensional array of text, representing an employee’s weekly schedule.
You can also use the ARRAY keyword for one-dimensional arrays: 
CREATE TABLE tictactoe (
    squares integer[3][3]
);
Note that the array data type is named by appending square brackets ([]) to the data type name of the array elements. The declared size or number of dimensions doesn’t affect runtime behavior; it’s mainly for documentation purposes1.

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Array Value Input

To write an array value as a literal constant, enclose the element values within curly braces and separate them by commas: 
-- Creating an array of integers
SELECT '{10, 20, 30}'::integer[];

-- Creating an array of text
SELECT '{"Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"}'::text[];

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Accessing Array Elements

You can access individual elements of an array using the [index] syntax. The first element has an index of one: 
-- Accessing the second element of an integer array
SELECT pay_by_quarter[2] FROM sal_emp;

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Modifying Arrays

Arrays are mutable. Use the ARRAY[...] constructor to create or modify arrays: 
-- Adding a new value to an existing integer array
UPDATE sal_emp
SET pay_by_quarter = pay_by_quarter || ARRAY[40]
WHERE name = 'John Doe';

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Searching in Arrays

You can search for specific values within an array using operators like ANY or ALL: 
-- Finding employees with a salary greater than 30 in any quarter
SELECT name
FROM sal_emp
WHERE 30 < ANY (pay_by_quarter);

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Array Functions and Operators

PostgreSQL provides a rich set of functions and operators for working with arrays. Some useful ones include:
  • array_length(arr, dim): Returns the length of the array along the specified dimension.
  • unnest(arr): Expands an array into a set of rows.
  • array_agg(expr): Aggregates values into an array.
  • @> and <@: Tests if an array contains another array or value.
For more detailed information, consult the official PostgreSQL documentation. If you have further questions, feel free to ask us on our Discord!